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Parts of Speech Table

This is a summary of the 8 parts of speech*.

part of speech	function or "job"	example words	example sentences
Verb	action or state	(to) be, have, do, like, work, sing, can, must	EnglishClub.com is a web site. I like EnglishClub.com.
Noun	thing or person	pen, dog, work, music, town, London, teacher, John	This is my dog. He lives in my house. We live in London.
Adjective	describes a noun	a/an, the, 69, some, good, big, red, well, interesting	My dog is big. I like big dogs.
Adverb	describes a verb, adjective or adverb	quickly, silently, well, badly, very, really	My dog eats quickly. When he is very hungry, he eats really quickly.
Pronoun	replaces a noun	I, you, he, she, some	Tara is Indian. She is beautiful.
Preposition	links a noun to another word	to, at, after, on, but	We went to school on Monday.
Conjunction	joins clauses or sentences or words	and, but, when	I like dogs and I like cats. I like cats and dogs. I like dogs but I don't like cats.
Interjection	short exclamation, sometimes inserted into a sentence	oh!, ouch!, hi!, well	Ouch! That hurts! Hi! How are you? Well, I don't know.

* Some grammar sources categorize English into 9 or 10 parts of speech. At EnglishClub.com, we use the traditional categorization of 8 parts of speech. Examples of other categorizations are:

• Verbs may be treated as two different parts of speech:
• Lexical Verbs (work, like, run)
• Auxiliary Verbs (be, have, must)
• Determiners may be treated as a separate part of speech, instead of being categorized under Adjectives

Parts of Speech Examples

Here are some sentences made with different English parts of speech:

verb Stop!

noun verb John works.

noun verb verb John is working.

pronoun verb noun She loves animals.

noun verb adjective noun Animals like kind people.

noun verb noun adverb Tara speaks English well.

noun verb adjective noun Tara speaks good English.

pronoun	verb	preposition	adjective	noun	adverb
She	ran	to	the	station	quickly.

pron.	verb	adj.	noun	conjunction	pron.	verb	pron.
She	likes	big	snakes	but	I	hate	them.

Here is a sentence that contains every part of speech:

interjection	pron.	conj.	adj.	noun	verb	prep.	noun	adverb
Well,	she	and	young	John	walk	to	school	slowly.

analyze character

SETTING -- The time and location in which a story takes place is called the setting. For some stories the setting is very important, while for others it is not. There are several aspects of a story's setting to consider when examining how setting contributes to a story (some, or all, may be present in a story):

a) place - geographical location. Where is the action of the story taking place?
b) time - When is the story taking place? (historical period, time of day, year, etc)
c) weather conditions - Is it rainy, sunny, stormy, etc?
d) social conditions - What is the daily life of the characters like? Does the story contain local colour (writing that focuses on the speech, dress, mannerisms, customs, etc. of a particular place)?
e) mood or atmosphere - What feeling is created at the beginning of the story? Is it bright and cheerful or dark and frightening?

PLOT -- The plot is how the author arranges events to develop his basic idea; It is the sequence of events in a story or play. The plot is a planned, logical series of events having a beginning, middle, and end. The short story usually has one plot so it can be read in one sitting. There are five essential parts of plot:

a) Introduction - The beginning of the story where the characters and the setting is revealed.

b) Rising Action - This is where the events in the story become complicated and the conflict in the story is revealed (events between the introduction and climax).

c) Climax - This is the highest point of interest and the turning point of the story. The reader wonders what will happen next; will the conflict be resolved or not?

d) Falling action - The events and complications begin to resolve themselves. The reader knows what has happened next and if the conflict was resolved or not (events between climax and denouement).

e) Denouement - This is the final outcome or untangling of events in the story.

It is helpful to consider climax as a three-fold phenomenon: 1) the main character receives new information 2) accepts this information (realizes it but does not necessarily agree with it) 3) acts on this information (makes a choice that will determine whether or not he/she gains his objective).

CONFLICT-- Conflict is essential to plot. Without conflict there is no plot. It is the opposition of forces which ties one incident to another and makes the plot move. Conflict is not merely limited to open arguments, rather it is any form of opposition that faces the main character. Within a short story there may be only one central struggle, or there may be one dominant struggle with many minor ones.

There are two types of conflict:
1) External - A struggle with a force outside one's self.

2) Internal - A struggle within one's self; a person must make some decision, overcome pain, quiet their temper, resist an urge, etc.

There are four kinds of conflict:
1) Man vs. Man (physical) - The leading character struggles with his physical strength against other men, forces of nature, or animals.

2) Man vs. Circumstances (classical) - The leading character struggles against fate, or the circumstances of life facing him/her.

3) Man vs. Society (social) - The leading character struggles against ideas, practices, or customs of other people.

4) Man vs. Himself/Herself (psychological) - The leading character struggles with himself/herself; with his/her own soul, ideas of right or wrong, physical limitations, choices, etc.

CHARACTER -- There are two meanings for the word character:
1) The person in a work of fiction.
2) The characteristics of a person.

Persons in a work of fiction - Antagonist and Protagonist
Short stories use few characters. One character is clearly central to the story with all major events having some importance to this character - he/she is the PROTAGONIST. The opposer of the main character is called the ANTAGONIST.

The Characteristics of a Person -
In order for a story to seem real to the reader its characters must seem real. Characterization is the information the author gives the reader about the characters themselves. The author may reveal a character in several ways:
a) his/her physical appearance
b) what he/she says, thinks, feels and dreams
c) what he/she does or does not do
d) what others say about him/her and how others react to him/her

Characters are convincing if they are: consistent, motivated, and life-like (resemble real people)

Characters are...
1. Individual - round, many sided and complex personalities.
2. Developing - dynamic, many sided personalities that change, for better or worse, by the end of the story.
3. Static - Stereotype, have one or two characteristics that never change and are emphasized e.g. brilliant detective, drunk, scrooge, cruel stepmother, etc.

POINT OF VIEW

Point of view, or p.o.v., is defined as the angle from which the story is told.

1. Innocent Eye - The story is told through the eyes of a child (his/her judgment being different from that of an adult) .

2. Stream of Consciousness - The story is told so that the reader feels as if they are inside the head of one character and knows all their thoughts and reactions.

3. First Person - The story is told by the protagonist or one of the characters who interacts closely with the protagonist or other characters (using pronouns I, me, we, etc). The reader sees the story through this person's eyes as he/she experiences it and only knows what he/she knows or feels.

4. Omniscient- The author can narrate the story using the omniscient point of view. He can move from character to character, event to event, having free access to the thoughts, feelings and motivations of his characters and he introduces information where and when he chooses. There are two main types of omniscient point of view:

a) Omniscient Limited - The author tells the story in third person (using pronouns they, she, he, it, etc). We know only what the character knows and what the author allows him/her to tell us. We can see the thoughts and feelings of characters if the author chooses to reveal them to us.

b) Omniscient Objective – The author tells the story in the third person. It appears as though a camera is following the characters, going anywhere, and recording only what is seen and heard. There is no comment on the characters or their thoughts. No interpretations are offered. The reader is placed in the position of spectator without the author there to explain. The reader has to interpret events on his own.

THEME -- The theme in a piece of fiction is its controlling idea or its central insight. It is the author's underlying meaning or main idea that he is trying to convey. The theme may be the author's thoughts about a topic or view of human nature. The title of the short story usually points to what the writer is saying and he may use various figures of speech to emphasize his theme, such as: symbol, allusion, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, or irony.

Some simple examples of common themes from literature, TV, and film are:
- things are not always as they appear to be
- Love is blind
- Believe in yourself
- People are afraid of change
- Don't judge a book by its cover

how to write autobiography

HOW TO WRITE AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY

When writing an autobiography, you focus on three major things: who you are in life, what life means to you and what your outlook on the future is.

"Autobiographies have been written since A.D. 400 when an early Christian leader, Saint Augustine, wrote his." An autobiography is information about one's own life written by that one person. In it, it tells what that person's life is all about. When writing your own autobiography, use interesting facts to explain as much about yourself as you can.

The first thing you do when writing an autobiography is start off with a lot of facts about your life; for example, when and where you were born, where you live (city and state), where you go to school and who you live with. You have to give a lot of information so your reader can clearly understand what is going on. Once you have written this introduction, you are ready to start your first paragraph of the autobiography.

Who you are in life?

The best way to start an autobiography is to state your name. When you are writing this paragraph, you usually explain the type of person you are; use facts about yourself such as: have you won any awards? What types of awards have you won? Did you finish school? Do you plan on going to college?

What life means to you?

This is now your second paragraph. In this paragraph you should state how you see life--what does life mean to you. Are you happy or sad? Do you have a lot of friends or just a few? How do you make your school days go by? Do you have a boyfriend/girlfriend? What are your favorite places to go on dates? How long have you been dating? If you are involved in a relationship, do you think it will last forever?

What is your outlook on the future?

In this paragraph you should explain what you think the future will be like. Pick a year and explain how it will be but explain it through your eyes. Where will you be? How will you be living? Will you be married? Will there be any kids? Who will you be married to? What is he/she like? How long will you have been together?

Conclusion

The conclusion is the last paragraph of your autobiography and an important one, too. In the conclusion you usually try to re-word the introduction and add some type of closure to bring the whole autobiography together.

Steps

1. Understand your reasons for writing an autobiography. Your autobiography will turn out best if you write it simply because you want to, perhaps to share the experiences of your life with others, to give as a gift for your family, to try and understand your life and the forces that have shaped you, to preserve your legacy, or simply to exercise your desire to write. If money is your primary motivation, keep in mind that, unless you have some renown, your story will be a hard sell. While it's possible to sell a book about a relatively unknown person, the book really has to be something special. This means that you, the writer, need to care most about the story, not the money.
2. Read some autobiographies. The best way to get a feel for autobiographical writing is to read several good autobiographies. Ask friends, family, and your local bookseller for recommendations. The more you read, the more approaches you'll be exposed to, and while you don't need to copy any of these for your memoirs, you can get a lot of good ideas about how to organize your story and make it interesting.
3. Think about your audience. Your approach to writing will be a lot different depending on who your intended audience is. If you're just writing for yourself, and nobody will ever see your story, you can do whatever you want: take shortcuts, rant, ignore all the rules of grammar if you want. If you're writing for friends and family, you'll want to pay more attention to readability, but you can still take certain shortcuts because chances are your readers will already be familiar with many of the characters and stories. Writing for publication, however, requires a more thorough approach. Not only will you need to edit the manuscript to perfection, but you'll also need to constantly keep in mind that your readers may not know anything about the people or events in your autobiography.
4. Develop your theme. A story is generally more satisfying if it has a unifying theme or two. Rather than just reciting the events of your life like a timeline in a history book, think about what the main idea of your story -- the driving force of your life -- is. Maybe you're a rags-to-riches story, or maybe the central theme of your life has been the love of your spouse. Think about what's most important to you, and build your story around that. Having a theme in mind will make your story more compelling and help you weed out all those unimportant details.
5. Organize your autobiography. For obvious reasons, chronological order is the most popular style of autobiographical organization. It's pretty straightforward: start at the beginning, and when you come to the end, stop. A logical beginning would be your birth, but you may also want to start by giving an overview of your ancestors' stories. Conversely, sometimes it makes sense to skip over your early years and start sometime later in life. You needn't just go through your life year by year, however. You may want to organize your story more thematically. However you choose to organize your autobiography, it's a good idea to plan it out in an outline. You don't need to follow your outline when you start writing, but it can be a helpful guide.
6. Jog your memory. The best way to remember the past is to try and find things you have kept from that time, such as photos and letters. They may spark just one memory or a whole chain of them. Before you start to write about each stage in your life, try to find items you may have kept from each. Ask family and friends if they have saved anything of yours from that time.
7. Start writing. When you open the floodgates of memory, you will probably be eager to capture everything just right. Sit in a comfortable place, relax, and take it one page at a time. Be yourself: you’ll write faster and more naturally. Don’t spend too much time thinking about style and grammar, just write. You’re probably not trying to win any prizes, and even if you are, don't let the "art of writing" prevent you from telling your story. You can edit later.
8. Edit your completed work. Once you've hammered out your life story, let your manuscript sit for a few weeks before proceeding to edit it. You may find it helpful to ask others to read your story and comment on it. Take out the extraneous details, tie up the loose ends, and make sure your writing is crisp and readable throughout.
9. Preserve your work. Ensure you have at least one copy in a place which is safe from fire, flood or other damage – you don’t want such an important work to be lost. If your story is saved on your computer, make sure to print out a hard copy and save a backup copy. You may even want to back your autobiography up online. In most cases, you'll also want to have a plan for passing on your autobiography. You can do this either by trying to get the book published, publishing it yourself, or distributing copies to friends and relatives. Even if you decide not to distribute it right away, you are going to put lots of work into this project, and you should have a plan for passing on your story to your heirs.
10. Build a relationship using your autobiography. Children and grandchildren will learn many new things about you and other people, times, and places from your life story. As the writing process will remind you of these experiences, be sure to be intentional about sharing some stories with the next generation too. For example, these remembrances will make for interesting phone conversations with your family. Keep in mind that the way you grew up can be fascinating to your grandchildren (outhouses, one-room schoolhouses, and life before TV). They will have never met interesting people like your parents or grandparents. You have the power to bring these people to life through your memories, and you become a multi-dimensional person to them as they learn more about when you were a child, a teen, a young adult, a worker, a parent, and a grandparent. It's a legacy worth sharing.

Present Perfect

FORM

[has/have + past participle]

Examples:

• You have seen that movie many times.
• Have you seen that movie many times?
• You have not seen that movie many times.

Complete List of Present Perfect Forms

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

• I have seen that movie twenty times.
• I think I have met him once before.
• There have been many earthquakes in California.
• People have traveled to the Moon.
• People have not traveled to Mars.
• Have you read the book yet?
• Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
• A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
  B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1 Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:

• I have been to France.
  This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
• I have been to France three times.
  You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
• I have never been to France.
  This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
• I think I have seen that movie before.
• He has never traveled by train.
• Joan has studied two foreign languages.
• A: Have you ever met him?
  B: No, I have not met him.

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

Examples:

• You have grown since the last time I saw you.
• The government has become more interested in arts education.
• Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
• My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

• Man has walked on the Moon.
• Our son has learned how to read.
• Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
• Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

Examples:

• James has not finished his homework yet.
• Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
• Bill has still not arrived.
• The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:

• The army has attacked that city five times.
• I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
• We have had many major problems while working on this project.
• She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

Examples:

• Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
• I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
• They have had three tests in the last week.
• She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
• My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.

Examples:

• I went to Mexico last year.
  I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
• I have been to Mexico in the last year.
  I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.

Examples:

• I have had a cold for two weeks.
• She has been in England for six months.
• Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You have only seen that movie one time.
• Have you only seen that movie one time?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• Many tourists have visited that castle. Active
• That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive

Invitation

Invitation tells about how to invite or ask someone to come a long or join a particular program or activity.

invitation : :

1. A document written or printed, or spoken words, /onveying the message by which one is invited.

2. The act of inviting; solicitation; the requesting of a person's company; as, an invitation to a party, to a dinner, or to visit a friend.

3. Allurement; enticement.

4. A request (spoken or written) to participate or be present or take part in something.

**a written or spoken request asking someone to spend time with you socially or to come to a social event
The wedding invitations went out yesterday.
invitation to: Nobody in the office had received an invitation to the party.

**a request to someone to do something or go somewhere
invitation to do something: She has received an invitation to join a new environmental policy body.
decline/refuse an invitation: The senator declined our invitation to comment on the allegations.
standing/long-standing/open invitation (=with no fixed date): The former president has accepted a long-standing invitation to address the conference.

** invitation or open invitation an action or event that makes something unpleasant more likely to happen
invitation to: He described the low wages paid to police officers as almost an invitation to corruption.
an (open) invitation to do something: The banks will take the minister’s comments as an open invitation to charge their customers higher rates.

PHRASES

*at someone’s invitation/at the invitation of someone
if you do something at someone’s invitation, you do it when they ask or invite you
They came to Washington at the invitation of the president.
*by invitation (only)
available only to people who have been formally invited
a club with membership by invitation only
*without invitation formal
without being asked or invited by anyone
When someone comes nearer without invitation, we feel threatened.

Example Letter of Invitation



August 1, 2004

John Smith
Visa Services
123 Any Road
City, Country

Mr. Smith,

The American Evaluation Association (AEA) is pleased to invite Dr. Angela Doe to attend our Annual Conference to be held November 1-7, 2004 in Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America. AEA's conference offers a forum for the professional exchange of knowledge and skills related to evaluation. Over 1500 people are expected to be in attendance from over 50 countries. They will have the opportunity to learn from 600+ speakers via presentations including workshops, panels, and paper sessions.

The contributions of international attendees such as Dr. Doe enrich the program through enhancing the diversity of perspectives and content represented. AEA members value the opportunity to learn from and with our international colleagues.

If you have any questions or concerns, or if I may be of assistance in any way, please do not hesitate to contact me.



Susan Kistler
Manager, American Evaluation Association

# How to invite someone :

- I would like you to …
- We would like you to …
- We would be pleased if you could …
- Would you please attend my party tonight?
- Would you please attend my birthday tonight?
- Would you like to … ?
- Shall we …?
- How about …?
- If you don’t mind, please come to house tomorrow.
- Let’s have to diner together with me tonight
- Would you mind coming to my birthday party?

# How to refuse / decline in invitation :

- I would love to, but …
- Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thank’s anyway
- That’s nice/great. Unfortunately/However …
- That’s very kind of you, but …
- Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thank’s anyway
- I’m afraid a can’t
- I can’t for now because I’m busy

appointment

Appointment tells about agreement for meeting it is good to make an appointment before you meet someone or people.


~ Making an Appointment

• I’d like to make an appointment with Kristian.
• I want to make an appointment to see …
• I’d like you to come and see
• Can I come and see you?
• I’ll be there
• What about … (thank you)


~ Canceling An Appointment

• I’m sorry, I’m very busy
• I’m terrible sorry I have to put off my appointment
• I’m afraid/have to postpone my Appointment with … (Dr.Stepen) tomorrow morning.


~ Accepting an Appointment

• All right, see you there
• No, problem, I’m free on …(Thursday)
• Be there on time
• I’ll wait for you
• It’s a deal


~ Changing an Appointment
• What about … (Thursday at 04.00 p.m)
• Is that ok, if we meet at …
• Well, I must be off now. I’ll talk to you later !
• Could we change the schedule of the meeting?
• Do you have another time this afternoon

advertisement

Advertisement
a. The definition of advertisement.
Advertisement is an information for persuading and motivating people so that they will attract to the service and the things that are offered or informed.
b. Function of advertisement:
- Promotion
- Communication
- Information
c. In making advertisement, keep the following points :
1. Language of advertisement :
- Using the correct or suitable words
- Using the interesting and suggestive expressions
- Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals
2. Content of advertisement :
- Objective and honest
- Brief and clear
- Not allude group or other producer

d. Kinds of advertisement :
- Family advertisement
- Invitation advertisement
- Sponsored advertisement
- Requested advertisement
- News advertisement
- Announcement advertisement
- Goods advertisement
- Merit advertisement
e. Media of advertisement
- By television
- By radio
- Billboard
- Leaflet
- Pamflet etc.

Advertisement is an information for persuading and motivating people so that they will attract to the service and the thing that are offered or informed.

Function of advertisement :

• Promotion
• Communication
• Information


In making advertisement keep the following points :

A. Language of advertisement :

1. Using the correct or suitable words.
2. Using the interesting and suggestive expression.
3. Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals


B. Content of advertisement :

1. Objective
2. Brief and clear
3. Not allude group or other producer










Example of advertisement :

Job Vacancy advertisement

Isen Mulang Hotel in Palangka Raya is presently
Looking for :

1. sales Meneger
2. chief accountant.
3. purchasing meneger.
4. restaurant meneger
5. banquet coordinator
6. assistant chief engineer
7. bar staf/waiter/waitresses
for
(lounge bar opening soon)

All applicants should have at least 3 years experience in position with strong leadership, good command under pressure attractive salary and benefits.

PLEASE SEND YOUR APPLICATION TO GENERAL MENEGER

P.O.BOX7III /PKR CL.12979.

narrative text

Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/ non fiction/ tales/ folktales/ fables/ myths/ epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

Generic Structure
- Orientation
- Complication
- Evaluation (Optional)
- Resolution

- Orientation : It is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened
- Evaluation : Is optional; it is usually used to make the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can here more than one complication.
- Resolution : It is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written
- Coda : It is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life

Narratibe text is to tell something in the past. The purpose is to entertain, created/stimulated emotion, motivate, guide and teach

Example :
Legend : Malin kundang, Lake toba
Fable : Birds and snake, etc
Fairy tale : Snow white, Cinderella
Horor : The wall, House of the death
Sciencefiction : Alien
The generic structure of narrative text :

Orientation : The setting of the story :
The starting point of a narrative story to make readers understand what the story`s talking about
Describing the main character of the story
Complication : The problem raises in the story

Resolution : The thing happens after the problem raised

Example : The story of Cinderella, Snow White, Snow Maiden, The Little Pear Girl, The Ugly Duckling, etc.

descriptive text

The aim of descriptive text : to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.

Text Structure
- Identification : Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described
- Description : Gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.

Grammatical Features :
- Who? What?
- Using lingking verb and simple present tense
- Epithet : adjective or adjective phrase
- Attributive (the)
- Use of attributive and identifying process

Example Of Descriptive Text :
IDENTIFICATION
My PETS
We have three family pets : a dog, a cat, and a tortoise

Descriptions
- The Dogs name is Benjamin. He is golden lambrador. He is beautiful. He has big brown eyes and a long tail. He is very friendly dog, but he is sometimes a little stupid. Dogs are expensive to keep bubt the yare fun to play with
- Our cat is named Martha. She is quite young, but she is not a kitten. She is very pretty. She has black and white for and green eyes. She’s smart, too and very clean.
- The tortoise’s name is Rocky. He has short, fat legs a long neck, and a very hard shell. HE is also very old and slow. He’s ugly and dirty, but I like him

Giving Instruction

Giving instruction is an expression for give or ask somebody to do something that we want.

Giving instruction same with imperative sentences.

Giving instruction are :

1. Command.
• Verb (+ O).

Example : Watch out, come here, etc.

 Please + V (+ O).

Example : Please clean your room.

 V (+ O) + Please.

Example : Wash this towel, please.

2. Prohibition.

 Don’t + V (+ O).

Example : Don’t close it!

 Don’t + V (+ O) + Please.

Example : Don’t be noise, please.

 Would you mind not + V-ing (+ O).

Example : Would you mind not reading my diary.

Kinds of giving instruction :

 Verb 1.

Example :

 Wash your hand.

 Eat your meal.

 Sit down.

 Be + adjective.

Example :

 Be your self.

 Be a good student.

 Be strong.

 Be happy.

 Don’t + V-infinitive.

Example :

 Don’t armb!

 Don’t eat!

 Don’t approach!

 Don’t disturb!

 Don’t touch!

 No + V-ing.

Example :

 No smooking!

 No swimming!

 No parking!

 No fishing!

Expressing Happiness

Expressing happiness is used to expression happiness felling when we are successful to do something.

We can expressing happiness with :

• Word.
• Gesture.

Kind of expressing happiness :

 I like.

 I love.

 I’m satisfied with…………..

 I’m pleased with………….

 Congratulation.

 I’m very happy because………..

 Well down.

 That’s fantastic!

 That’s good!

 That’s great!

 That’s wonderful!

 That’s exciting.

 I’m so happy for you.

 I’m happy to hear that.

 I’m glad to know that.

 I’m so happy to know it.

 My happiness for you.

 I’m very happy for you.

 My deep impression for you both.

 You make me happy.

 How happy you must be!

 How happy you are!

Expessing Sympathy

Expessing Sympathy

Expressing sympathy is used to expression sympathy felling or care to someone who has problem or accident.

Kinds of expressing sympathy :

 That’s awfull.

 That’s a shame. Poor you.

 That’s a pity. I express my deeps.

 That’s a terrible.

 That’s too bad.

 That’s dread full.

 What a shame.

 What a pity.

 How terrible!

 How dread full!

 I’m sorry to hear that.

 I’m sorry to know that.

 I’m sympathy with you.

 I’m so sad to hear that.

 I’m so sad to know that.

 I can sympathy.

 I know the felling.

 I know what you feel.

 Oh no………

Expressing sympathy

The definition of sympathy Expression :

~ Sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble an in bad condition. By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern or carefulnesson other people’s condition.


~ How can we give sympathy expression to someone ?

We express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service (sms), e-mail, television, radio, and newspaper/she who got the trouble is far from us.

~ several expression of sympathy :

• I’d like to express my deepest condolences
• I’m sorry to hear that
• I’m awfully sorry about …
• Oh, how awful !!!!
• Oh, dear !!
• You must be very upset
• Oh, what a shame
• How pity you are !!!
• How terrible/awful for you

Example of dialogue that expresses sympathy in a certain.

Situation :

Miss Rika : You know what? Ewo has lost his wallet.

Nova : Oh, I’m sorry to hear that

 Oh dear………!

Accepting sympathy :

 Thank you.

 Thanks.

 Thank you very much.

 Thank you so much.